Sunday 31 August 2014

Today, August 31, Leandra Becerra Lumbreras celebrates her 127th birthday becoming the oldest human to have ever lived.

The Mexican woman has reportedly asked her relatives to cook beans with tortillas for the birthday party, The Mirror reports.
Born in 1887, the elderly lady witnessed the Second World War start when she was 27. She took part in the 1910-1917 Mexican Revolution as a leader of women who followed their husbands to the battle front. Leandra, has overlived her 5 children, several of her 20 grandchildren and now has 73 great-grandchildren and 55 great-great-grandchildren.
Leandra-Becerra-Lumbreras
Leandra Becerra Lumbreras, aged 127
Ms Lumbreras’s family members revealed her ‘secret indgredients’ to a long life, which are good nutrition, chocolate, good sleep and never getting married. The birthday girl’s grandaughter Miriam Alvear, told Mexico’s El Horizonte newspaper that despite her granny’s respectable age she still often entertains her relatives with incredible stories. For example, Ms Lumbreras narrated how they had to run away from their homes and hide in caves in order to be forced into the Mexican army.

Former Miss Nigeria UK Engaged To A 'Carpenter'

They always say 'romance goes with finance' but looks like even Beauty Queens don't give a damn!
Former Miss Nigeria UK, Dabota Lawson is engaged.
The Beauty Queen recently got engaged to her long time boyfriend and the CEO of Novena Majesty Furniture, Prince Sunny Aku.
Dabota's fiance ies reportedly in his fifties and very close sources claim he is also very rich and even owns a private jet. He's nalso reported to have been the giver of her latest Range Rover SUV she once flaunted on her Instagram.
Back in January, she was rumoured to had been in a secret affair with rising African star Davido!
But wait, what kind of 'carpenter' is this!

He also  bought her the Range Rover SUV which she recently flaunted on Instagram.

Acting Governor Of Adamawa Disqualified From Elections

The Acting Governor of Adamawa State, Umaru Fintiri will not be contesting the state governorship elections due to hold on October 11.
This is due to the fact that he has been disqualified by the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) on “moral grounds”.
Fintiri was the Speaker of the House of Assembly and he spearheaded the impeachment of former Governor, Murtala Nyako.
The acting governor’s decision to run for office had been severely criticized with some accusing him of staging a coup.
His disqualification from the September 6 party primaries was announced by the Chairman of the PDP’s screening panel, Ibrahim Mantu.

Man Kicked Off A Plane Because Of Body Odour

A French man has filed a lawsuit against the American Airlines after being kicked off their plane because he smelled so bad.
Report says police has opened investigation to see if the airline is guilty of discrimination even though they have denied the charge.
According to Radar.ng, the 27-year-old man from Paris, was thrown off the airplane at the Charles-de-Gaulle airport.
In his complaint, he claimed he was asked to leave the flight that was heading to Dallas, Texas, before takeoff after several passengers complained about his body odour.
Should he have been asked to step off the plane or not? Tell us what you think.

Photos: President Obama & his family attend his chef's wedding

What a lucky man. Imagine the President of the United States, the First Lady and their kids attending your wedding. Yesterday August 30th, president Obama, his wife Michelle and their daughters, Sasha and Malia flew from Washington to New York to attend the wedding of the White House assistant chef and their longtime family chef and close friend, Sam Kass (top right), who married MSNBC host Alex Wagner (bottom right).

Kass began cooking for the Obamas when they lived in Chicago before Obama became president, and in 2009 they persuaded him to come to the White House. Obama even attended Sam's bachelor party last week. See photos of their arrival in NY after the cut.


  Obama and his Chef.

What Beats Care! See MTN Project Fame’s Uncommon Gesture

The sprawling gulf between the mentally and physically disabled and the rest of the society was incredibly replaced with uncommon care when MTN Project Fame contestants visited the Children’s Development Centre, in Surulere, last week. It was a day set aside to bring love and care to the people who are in need of rare emotional and physical attention. The visit raised the pedigree of the reality show as one truly in touch with life and the desire to aid quality existence. Continue...



The contestants (back row) with some of the physically and mentally challenged at the CDC
Ruky tendering one of the challenged kids
They are also special - Daniel, Flourish and Shola providing the necessary emotional delight to the mentally and physically challenged
Human essence! Debbie embracing one of the pupils at the centre
A section of the children with developmental disability
The children at the CDC doing their best to tell the world that with enough attention they too can be superstars
Miss Ige, Project Fame academy Voice Coach dancing with one of the CDC pupils
As well, it brings to prominence the work MTN Foundation begun in 2006 to help attain the vision of the special centre, which includes providing ‘support services to children and young adults with developmental disabilities’.  Amongst other things the foundation has been pivotal in boosting research work and providing materials to give life to the centre. That humanitarian support was further buttressed by the MTN Project Fame contestants who spared no touch or embrace to humanize the kids and adults who are currently being cared for by the centre.

You can see footage of the visits here Contestant's First Charity Visit - Academy Day 39 | MTN Project Fame Season 7.0

Oyakhilomes divorce splits Christ Embassy members

Looks like members of Chris Oyakhilome's Christ Embassy church are divided over his split from his wife Anita who filed for divorce a few months ago on the grounds of 'unreasonable behaviour' and 'adultery'. On a Facebook page called 'Where is Rev. Anita Oyakhilome,’ some members are putting their pastors and church on blast...

Yesterday, one member wrote
"I am a Christ Embassy member. I hate one thing there: How can a pastor be working together with a lady hand in hand, attending meetings and lodging in a hotel for days. My girlfriend travels with our branch pastor annually for PPCF which holds in Lagos. Only God knows.” Continue...
Another one wrote;
"Pastor Chris Oyakhilome must have been discovered compromising his marital bed business. It is what it is. God says judgement will start from His house. ‘Touch not my anointed’ is God’s instruction regarding all His children, not an individual nicking, scheming, threatening monies off people’s purses and telling them that salvation is tied to tithes and that seed sowing is only money donation to the church/pastor’s coffers. One down, more to roll. Christ be praised.” 
Another member of the page wrote
" I and my family left Christ Embassy for our own good after worshiping there for three years plus and seeing all the things going on under the disguise of church. And I can comfortably say that for over a year now, we have had so much peace in our Christian lives. I don’t care how you view my comment but truth must be told.” 

Joseph Osagiede, however, responded saying the Oyakhilomes were still together. He said,
“I have been in Christ Embassy for 12 years. All is totally well with thier marriage. All those wishing them to split and also those going about saying nasty things about the church, be careful.” Faith Ebunoluwa Adetayo also said, “I have been in Christ Embassy since 1990s and I can authoritatively say some things: I have seen the power of God work, demonstrated in healings and many other things. I have seen how that Pastor Chris is less concerned about mistakes we make. “He believes that these sins of the flesh will disappear, only if we listen to the word of God. Rather than condemning us, he speaks words of encouragement. And for your information, Pastor Anita is still very much in the ministry and she’s with her darling husband.”
Meanwhile, the Christ Embassy has kept mum on the divorce case.

A woman, who picked Punch’s call to the Nigerian office of the church on Saturday, said she had no information to give on the matter. When asked to confirm if the divorce suit was true or not, she simply said, “I have no information to give on the matter.”

When another call was made to the church thorough another number, the respondent, who identified herself as Pastor Christabel, said the church had no information about the case. “No, we have no information on the matter,” she said.

Late PH doctor knew diplomat had Ebola Virus – Rivers State Govt

At a press conference on Friday evening August 29th, Rivers State Commissioner for Health, Dr. Samson Parker, said that late Dr. Iyke Enemou, who treated ECOWAS diplomat Olu Koye (pictured above), was aware that Mr Koye had the Ebola Virus Disease. 
"He had received the late Dr. Patrick Sawyer in Lagos. Upon developing the symptom, confided in a female colleague, called Lilian, who contacted the late Enemuo. It was after contact was established with Dr. Enemuo that Olu Koye flew to Port Harcourt to see him. To conceal his movement, Koye, who had been quarantined among other people for having primary contact with the late Dr. Sawyer, the Liberian-American who transmuted the Ebola virus into Nigeria, sneaked out of the isolation unit where he was being observed and took a flight to Port Harcourt and switched off his phone so that he could not be reached or traced should he answer a call.” Continue...
When he got to Port Harcourt, he checked into Mandate Gardens Hotel in the Rumunokoro area in Obio/Akpor LGA which is close to Sam Steel Clinic where Dr. Enemuo worked.
"From what we have gathered so far, Dr. Enemuo, knowing that Koye was positive of the Ebola virus took some measures of precaution to protect himself while treating Koye.
“Knowing the enormity of what he was doing, Enemuo upon Koye’s departure for Lagos, poured bleach all over the room that Koye slept in order to sanitise the place.”
The commissioner revealed that Dr Enemuo, after falling ill, asked another doctor at Good Heart Hospital along Evo Road in G.R.A. to treat him, but at no point did Dr Enemuo tell his colleague that he may have contracted the Ebola virus, instead he lied that he had fever.
"He lied. He did not tell the doctor that was treating him his full story. But the doctor, a nice and conscientious professional, suspected that Enemuo was either hiding something or was suffering from a strange ailment because he proved negative to malaria, fever and typhoid fever.
“To be sure of what he was doing, he spoke to other very experienced doctors about the strange case he was handling in his hospital.”
The commissioner said the doctor treating Enemuo even invited some other doctors to come over to his hospital to see if they could understand Enemuo’s strange illness but no doctor came.

Dr. Enemuo's health deteriorated until he died on August 22nd after which his body was taken to the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital.

SAD! Drunk EKSU Student Killed 5 Traders In Car Accident in Ekiti


5 women traders died yesterday in an accident at Irasa village near Ekiti State University (EKSU) on Ado-Iworoko road.

Nine others in critical conditions were taken to the state University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, the state capital.

Sources told reporters that some students, who were returning from a night party, rammed into an oncoming vehicle conveying the women.

Clothes, shoes and other personal items belonging to the students littered the scene of the accident.

The students were in a grey colour Mazda car with a registration number Lagos KJA 608 CD and the women were being conveyed in a commercial Nissan saloon car marked Osun AA 529 FTD.

Sources said the students had attended a party organised by a final year student of the institution before the collision.

Closeup celebrates the Nigerian Youth at the 2014 United Nations International Youth Day

Closeup, the toothpaste brand that truly represents the aspirations of the “Naija Youths”, recently partnered with the RISE network to celebrate the Nigerian youth at the United Nations International Youth Day which recently took place at the Main Auditorium, University of Lagos, Akoka. 

The event was themed “Youth and Mental Health”. Close up Naija Herbal, one of the leading sponsors of the event provided an opportunity for Nigerian youths to air their voices on issues pertaining to national security, education and governance  via a satirical stage play and an intergenerational debate. Continue...


The event which was hosted by Toyosi Akerele, Founder/CEO of RISE Networks had in attendance as special guests: the Governor of Cross River State, His Excellency, Senator Liyel Imoke, Mrs Folorunsho Alakija, MD/CEO, FAMFA Oil and Rose of Sharon Group, Hon. Patrick Obahaigbon, Actress and public personality, Kate Henshaw, Jimi Agbaje Chairman, Jaykay Pharmacy Ltd and a host of others.  Governor Imoke during his address encouraged the youths to take ownership of their future by taking advantage of opportunities available to equip themselves with the necessary skills required to face the future. 
A common theme across the speakers at the event was that Nigeria is a land flowing with vast opportunities and the youths needed to be well poised to take advantage of these opportunities to create a greater Nigeria.
Speaking on Closeup’s participation at the event, the Brand Manager, Closeup, Unilever Nig Plc. Mrs Oyinade Ladapo, said that “the Closeup Naija Herbal Toothpaste will always support the needs and aspirations of young Nigerians and create more opportunities for the youths to get closer and express themselves more confidently.”
The Category Manager, Oral Care, Unilever Nig. Plc Mrs. Oiza Gyang also stated “that the essence of the Naija Herbal gel toothpaste is to empower young Nigerians to confidently express and achieve in all areas. He reiterated that Closeup brand and Unilever Nigeria will continue to provide platforms that further drive excellence in capacity building and human development, critical aspects of nation building.” 
One of the highlights of the event was the Closeup Q & A session from which Anthony Ekene of the Department of Pharmacology emerged as the winner of the new Ipad mini for answering all the questions correctly.
The new Closeup Naija Herbal Gel toothpaste is formulated with Aloe Vera, which serves as an anti-bacterial agent, Mint leaf extract which gives fresh breath and Lemon extract for white teeth. The new close-up variant was specifically designed for the Nigerian consumer and in particular the youths, for confidence and fresh breath.

Saturday 30 August 2014

Fenerbahce drops Joseph Yobo

Turkish Super Lig club, Fenerbahce, announced yesterday Friday August 29th that they have released Nigeria defender Joseph Yobo. Fenerbahce announced on their official website that due to restriction in the number of foreign players, the club and Yobo had to part ways.

Both parties mutually agreed to terminate their contract this week on the eve of the start of the Turkish top flight this term.Yobo is now expected to be honoured at Fenerbahce's opening game of the season against Karabukspor. Continue...


"Since the 2010-2011 season, Nigerian player Joseph Yobo successfully served Fenerbahce. The Football Federation of Turkey has brought about the restriction of foreign players as mandatory as of today so our paths (with Yobo) is separated. Fenerbahçe Sports Club Board of Directors on Sunday, 31 August, 2014 before a match will reward Joseph Yobo with a plaque of appreciation." Fenerbahce Sports Club, today, thank you for the contribution you have made, we wish you success in (your) future football career," Fenerbahce stated on their official website

How I survived Ebola – Late nurse' fiance, Dennis Akagha speaks

Dennis Akagha, the fiance of Justina Ejelonu, the First Consultant Hospital nurse who died after being infected with the deadly Ebola virus by Liberian Patrick Sawyer, in this exclusive interview with Vanguard spoke about how his late fiancee contracted the deadly disease, how she lost their unborn child while battling with Ebola, and also revealed that Justina had just landed the job at the hospital and met Sawyer on her first day there. He also spoke on how he got infected with the virus and how he finally got discharged. Fimd the in-depth interview after the cut...


On his relationship with the late Justina, Dennis said;
"The  truth is that Justina and I were not legally married, we were planning for our traditional marriage in October and she just got this job. She was a qualified graduate nurse and got the job at the First Consultant Hospital in Lagos. She resumed duty at the hospital on the 21st of July, while Patrick Sawyer was admitted at the hospital on the 20th. He was her first patient. She was one of the nurses that nursed him. She was pregnant and so her immune system was weak, which made it easy for her to contract the disease. On that first day which was a Monday, she was having some pregnancy symptoms, but I just encouraged her to go because it was her first day at work. Sawyer was her first patient. The next day, Tuesday, she didn’t work on Sawyer. Wednesday and Thursday, she was off. Then on Friday, Patrick Sawyer died. They didn’t know he had Ebola, it was three days later that they realized it was Ebola" he said
On how he found out she had contracted the deadly virus, he said
"It was after Sawyer died that she told me she nursed him but that she was on gloves. She even thanked God that she didn’t have direct contact with him. The fever continued and we thought it was just pregnancy symptoms and even when she went to her hospital, they confirmed the same thing. She took drugs and ran tests, yet it persisted. At night, she was usually cold and feverish and her body temperature was usually very high. At a point, I began to suspect that she had contacted the virus. I did some research on the disease and realised that she was having similar symptoms. On the 14th of August, it became serious, she started stooling and vomiting. I had to clean up everything. All of a sudden, she started bleeding and she started crying that she had lost the pregnancy. I had to call her relatives and other people. The bleeding persisted and I had to clean up everything. Initially I was not wearing gloves because I felt I had already been exposed to the virus. But later I cautioned myself and started wearing nylon on my hands. But I couldn’t stay away from her. I kept consoling her. Even when I took her to the hospital, she wanted to hold me and I told her to also consider my safety. She managed to hold herself and was able to find her way out in a pool of her blood. We chartered a taxi to the hospital, but first, I took her to First Consultant Hospital because I felt they should know more. When we got there, I was directed to IGH, Yaba. I told the taxi driver to take us there. The driver wasn’t even aware of what was going on as he took us to Yaba.  Justina was on the floor for 30 minutes before she was attended to. She was screaming that she was going to die. She was seriously bleeding, she had to come out of the taxi and lay on the floor. I ran around, trying to get doctors to attend to her. After everything, they took her in, took her blood samples and the following day, the result came out that it was Ebola. They washed the taxi with chlorine and also bathed the taxi driver and I with chlorine spray. At that point, the taxi driver knew what was going on, he couldn’t even take me home because he was so scared. I had to look for somewhere to pass the night in the hospital. Early the next morning, I left the Hospital. The taxi driver is alive today, nothing happened to him. We have been checking on him and the last time we spoke he told me, he was fine" he said.
On what happened after he was exposed to the virus, Dennis said;
"14 days after I was exposed to Ebola, my temperature rose from the usual 35.2 degrees centigrade to 37.2. The Lagos State government gave me a thermometer the day I dropped Justina off at the centre. It took them two straight weeks to visit my home and to disinfect it. Before they came, I had already done the much I could do. I used bleach and detergent to clean the whole house, furniture and clothes inclusive. We should be reminded and educated that a healthy person with Ebola virus cannot get anybody infected, except if the person is sick and totally down with the virus like what happened to Sawyer and to my late wife-to-be, Justina. I contacted the virus because Justina was very sick and I was taking care of her without any appropriate protection. When we knew what we were dealing with it was almost too late for me as I had already contacted the virus" he said.
On what was done for him after his visit to the Isolation centre, Dennis said
"The Lagos State government sent health professionals to check on me regularly to know how l was doing or if l had the signs of the virus manifesting. So they used to come around to check on me. At some point they created scenes with their visits. I was embarrassed and I was stigmatized. I complained severely to them that I didn’t like what they were doing. Then, one Saturday they visited again, I complained about the pains I was beginning to experience; excruciating pains around my waist. I started praying and asking people to pray for me. Before this time, I believed in the Holy Communion, so I usually take it daily and do feet washing. I was going to the hospital daily to see late Justina. Initially, I was seeing her through the window and she would say I should take her out of the hospital. She complained of lack of care. Perhaps, Justina would have survived the virus, if not for the state she was in. Her immune system was down because she was pregnant. Along the line, she had a miscarriage and lost the baby due to the Ebola virus disease. The doctors, who were supposed to do an evacuation on her couldn’t do it because they claimed that an evacuation was too risky as she was heavily infected and may pass on the virus to another person. Since nothing was done even after the bleeding had stopped, it led to more complications for her because the already dead foetus somehow got rotten in the womb and started a damaging process which led to further complication. Meanwhile, she was still stooling and vomiting and since nobody could dare to touch her, she was left on top of her excretions even when she couldn’t do much for herself due to her weak state. She was given her incisions and other drugs. I believe if some people survived Justina should have been one of them. At a point, I wished I was a doctor myself; I would have taken the risk of doing the evacuation because it really affected her".
On the last day he say his late fiancee, Dennis said 
"The last day I saw her, I had to go inside the ward because she was so unkempt as nobody attended to her. At that time, the quarantined patients were in the former facility where there was no water and she had messed up herself again. I had to look for water to clean her up, change her pampers and arrange her bedding. Since I was aware of what I was dealing with, I got myself protected while cleaning up the place. I made sure she looked better than when I saw her. Justina was shivering the last day I saw her, one side of her stomach was already swollen, and her legs were also swollen. I prayed for her.At a point, she needed oxygen and the hospital couldn’t provide it. Her friends had to provide it. That was the last day I saw her. On Sunday Morning, I called her line like I usually did before visiting her, but she didn’t pick her calls. When I got to the hospital, I was told that she was dead".
Asked if late Justina was taking his calls while she was at the Isolation center, Dennis said;
"Yes, in fact she called me that last day and I knew she was going to give up, because she was saying some funny things. She said I should tell my people to go and meet her father so as to finalize our marriage plans, that she’s leaving that place.
Asked if he was not scared that he would die form the illness seeing that his Fiancees health was deteriorating, Dennis said;
"I personally don’t believe in taking medications. I had the mentality that I wasn’t sick. I told the government what I was experiencing. On the day they came to pick me up for treatment, all of a sudden, my temperature went back to normal. The shivering and pains were all gone. So they decided that they would be checking on me. But it got to a point people stopped selling things to me. It was as if the government got a report that I shouldn’t be around. So, they came and said I should go with them that they wanted to take my blood sample. I went with them and they took my blood sample, I was kept in a ward known as the ‘suspected ward. The result came out and it was positive. I was then taken to a confined ward. One of the doctors from UNICEF, a white lady told me that they were having issues with the results and that they would have to re-run the tests. They did the tests again and it was still positive. I told them that it wasn’t my result and that I was healthy. I was even doing my usual exercises (press-ups) every morning. I kept telling them that I wasn’t sick. They took my blood sample the third time. That night, they told me that I tested negative in the last result and that I don’t have any reason to remain there. That was how I was discharged" he said
Speaking on what was hapening to his job as he was under isolation, Dennis said;
"I was a marketer in an oil and gas company. I worked on commission basis, but at a point, I realized that people were not calling me and when I called they won’t pick my calls. Even the person that I report directly refused to pick my calls and also refused to associate with me. Justina and I just got our jobs, she got hers at First Consultant Hospital and I got mine as a marketer with the oil and gas company.
On whether the government or First Consultant Hospital owes late Justina's family  some form of compensations, Dennis said;
"Although, no amount of money they give to the family will bring her back I think the government owes Justina’s family a lot because she died trying to save a situation. Justina died in active service as her death wasn’t natural".
On how his status changed from postive to negative, Dennis said
"I was reading a book on healing and taking of the Holy Communion. So I learnt to take Holy Communion morning, afternoon and night. I also engaged myself in feet-washing every day before going to bed. The Almighty God saved me; the Holy Spirit healed me. It wasn’t as though l didn’t fall sick as l had direct contact with Justina but the Almighty God healed me. When I was discharged, I got to my house on Saturday evening and spent two hours the next day, Sunday, thanking God on my own. I didn’t go to church or anywhere because of the already established stigma but today I can confidently attend church activities because I guess they all know I’m free now. I know my faith and belief healed me. God also worked for me apart from the fact that my immune system is also working. I believe I got healed also because friends prayed for me" he said.

Boko Haram funded through CBN- Australian Hostage negotiator says

It appears Australian hostage negotiator Dennis Stephen isn't done making outrageous and some would say 'eye-opening' claims. Just a day after he claimed that former Borno state Gov, Alimodu Sheriff and an unnamed retired army chief are sponsors of Boko Haram, he's now claiming that the insurgent group if funded through the CBN. In an interview with TheCable, Stephen claimed a senior official of the CBN handles the financial transactions of the sect group. What hs said below...
"One of the biggest of suppliers of arms and military uniforms to the JAS (Jama’atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’awati wal-Jihad, better known as Boko Haram) currently lives in Cairo, Egypt. He is the recipient of money sent by political sponsors from Nigeria. The funds go through the CBN’s financial system and appear to be a legal transaction. Meanwhile, the CBN official who handles the funding is an uncle to three of those arrested in connection with the Nyanya bombings. The three boys lived with him. They were arrested by the SSS (Department of State Security) after the bombings but they do not seem to have been interrogated about their uncle in CBN. Or if they have given up information about their uncle then the SSS has not moved against him." Stephen said Continue...
"Also, a senior official of CBN, who recently left the bank, was very close to Sodiq Aminu Ogwuche, the mastermind of the Nyanya bombings who also schooled in Sudan. Boko haram commanders said Ogwuche’s wife used to visit this top official in his office at the headquarters of the bank in Abuja before the Nyanya bombings. They were very close,” Davis said. He said he is speaking out now because he feels the Federal government is doing little in the rescue of the missing Chibok girls "I have three daughters. I just cannot stand the thought of what those girls are passing through. I have spoken to an escapee who described how she was being raped for 40 days by militants. I can’t stand it. It is heart-breaking. Nigerian authorities must act decisively now,” he said

: Atiku Abubakar's son weds

Shehu Atiku Abubakar, one of the sons of former Vice President Atiku Abubakar took beautiful Shamsiyya as wife in Yola, Adamawa state today August 30th

Ebola: Fmr President Obasanjo expresses thoughts on late Sawyer

Former president Obasanjo has expressed his thoughts on Sawyer, his act and those who made it possible for him to enter Nigeria with the disease and spread it. Speaking at an event held at the Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library in Abeokuta, Ogun state today, Obasanjo said;
"It is devilish enough Patrick Sawyer had to spread this and indeed spread it to Nigeria in connivance with some Liberian authorities from his country, because they knew he had it before he came to Nigeria. The EVD has started to take its toll on the country and the West African sub region. The toll is not only on the number of those who are ill or dead but on the communities, countries, regions and sub-region"